python中bottle使用实例代码
发布日期：2022-02-06 18:18 | 文章来源：gibhub
模仿学习同事的代码来写的，主要是搞懂python中如何来组织包，如何调用包，如何读取配置文件，连接数据库，设置路由，路由分组。（注：使用的是python3.6）
整体目录设计如下：
根据调用层级从上往下来说：
首先项目根目录下的main.py是整个程序的入口，主要作用启动http服务器，调用分组路由。
main.py
import bottle
from confg.conf import CONF
from api.user import User
db_url = CONF.db.url
default_app = bottle.default_app()
#相当于分组路由
default_app.mount("/user", User(db_url, "").app)
app = default_app
if __name__ == '__main__':
bottle.run(app=app,
host="localhost",
port="8000")
接着是controller层，就是api目录。api目录包括service文件夹和api下的文件。（注：一般来说controller层，service层是同级的，本项目其实api下的非service文件都是属于controller层，所以还是同一层的，因为要遵守调用顺序，不然可能会发生循环调用）。
/api/user.py文件
import logging
from bottle import request
#db数据库引擎
from common.base import DB
#调用service层
from api.service.user import UserService
logger = logging.getLogger("arview")
class User(DB, UserService):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print(">>> User init begin")
logging.debug('>>> User init begin')
super(User, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.dispatch()
logger.debug('>>> User init end')
def create(self, db=None):
create_body = request.json
create_data = self.create_user(create_body, db)
return create_data
def delete(self, db=None):
delete_body = request.json
delete_data = self.delete_user(delete_body, db)
return delete_data
def list(self, db=None):
list_data = self.list_user(db)
return list_data
#相当于分组路由
def dispatch(self):
self.app.route('/listUser', method='post')(self.list)
self.app.route('/createUser', method='post')(self.create)
self.app.route('/deleteUser', method='post')(self.delete)
/service/user.py
import time
#model层
from db.models.user import UserModel
class UserService(object):
def list_user(self, db):
user_info_list = db.query(UserModel).all()
for item in user_info_list:
print(item.username)
return user_info_list
def create_user(self, create_body, db):
user_model = UserModel(
username=create_body.get("username"),
password=create_body.get("password"),
role=create_body.get("role"),
create_time=time.time()
)
db.add(user_model)
db.commit()
return "success"
def delete_user(self, delete_body, db):
db.query(UserModel).filter(UserModel.id == (delete_body["id"])).delete()
db.commit()
return delete_body
然后是dao层也就是数据库操作层（但是明显虽然有dao层但是数据库操作的逻辑已经在service层里了）
最后是读取配置文件和创建数据库引擎。
读取配置文件使用的包是oslo_config。
conf.py
# coding:utf8
# from __future__ import print_function
from oslo_config import cfg
DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_NAME = 'ginblog'
DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_USER = 'root'
DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_USER_PASSWORD = '33demysql'
DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_HOST = '81.68.179.136'
DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_PORT = 3306
DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_URL_TEMPLATE = 'mysql+mysqlconnector://{}:{}@' \
'{}:{}/{}?charset=utf8'
DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_URL = DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_URL_TEMPLATE.format(
DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_USER,
DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_USER_PASSWORD,
DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_HOST,
DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_PORT,
DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_NAME)
# 声明参数选项
opt_group = cfg.OptGroup('keystone_authtoken')
mysql_opt_group = cfg.OptGroup('db')
auth_opts = [
cfg.StrOpt('memcached_servers',
default='localhost:11211',
choices=("localhost:11211", "0.0.0.0:11211"),
help=('localhost local', '0.0.0.0 So listen')
),
cfg.StrOpt('signing_dir',
default='/var/cache/cinder',
choices=("/var/cache/cinder", "/var/cache/cinder"),
),
]
# mysql
mysql_opts = [
cfg.StrOpt('url', default=DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_URL),
cfg.StrOpt('Db', default='3mysql'),
cfg.StrOpt('DbHost', default='381.68.179.136'),
cfg.StrOpt('DbPort', default='33306'),
cfg.StrOpt('DbUser', default='3DbUser'),
cfg.StrOpt('DbPassWord', default='3DbPassWord'),
cfg.StrOpt('DbName', default='3DbName'),
cfg.BoolOpt('create', default=False),
cfg.BoolOpt('commit', default=True),
cfg.BoolOpt('echo', default=True, help='是否显示回显'),
cfg.BoolOpt('echo_pool', default=False, help='数据库连接池是否记录 checkouts/checkins操作'),
cfg.IntOpt('pool_size', default=1000, help='数据库连接池中保持打开的连接数量'),
cfg.IntOpt('pool_recycle', default=600, help='数据库连接池在连接被创建多久（单位秒）以后回收连接')
]
token_opts = [
cfg.StrOpt('project_domain_name'),
cfg.StrOpt('project_name'),
]
CINDER_OPTS = (auth_opts +
token_opts)
MYSQLCINDER_OPTS = (mysql_opts)
# 注册参数选项
CONF = cfg.CONF
# 注册组
CONF.register_group(opt_group)
CONF.register_group(mysql_opt_group)
# 将各个选项注册进组里
CONF.register_opts(CINDER_OPTS, group=opt_group)
CONF.register_opts(MYSQLCINDER_OPTS, group=mysql_opt_group)
if __name__ == "__main__":
# 要读取哪个配置文件
CONF(default_config_files=['cinder.conf'])
print('mysql Db配置组为%s' % (CONF.db.Db))
print('mysql DbHost%s' % (CONF.db.DbHost))
print('mysql DbPort配置组为%s' % (CONF.db.DbPort))
print('mysql DbUser%s' % (CONF.db.DbUser))
配置文件cinder.conf
[db] Db = mysql DbHost = 81.68.179.136 DbPort = 3306 DbUser = root DbPassWord = 33demysql DbName = ginblog create = false commit = true echo = false echo_pool = false pool_size = 1000 pool_recycle =600
它的使用方法是，先声明参数选项就是(相当于声明组)
mysql_opt_group = cfg.OptGroup('db')，
然后声明组内的选项，
mysql_opts = [
cfg.StrOpt('url', default=DEFAULT_ARVIEW_DB_URL),
cfg.StrOpt('Db', default='3mysql'),
cfg.StrOpt('DbHost', default='381.68.179.136'),
cfg.StrOpt('DbPort', default='33306'),
cfg.StrOpt('DbUser', default='3DbUser'),
cfg.StrOpt('DbPassWord', default='3DbPassWord'),
cfg.StrOpt('DbName', default='3DbName'),
cfg.BoolOpt('create', default=False),
cfg.BoolOpt('commit', default=True),
cfg.BoolOpt('echo', default=True, help='是否显示回显'),
cfg.BoolOpt('echo_pool', default=False, help='数据库连接池是否记录 checkouts/checkins操作'),
cfg.IntOpt('pool_size', default=1000, help='数据库连接池中保持打开的连接数量'),
cfg.IntOpt('pool_recycle', default=600, help='数据库连接池在连接被创建多久（单位秒）以后回收连接')
]
拼接选项
MYSQLCINDER_OPTS = (mysql_opts)
接着注册组，
CONF.register_group(mysql_opt_group)
最后将选项注册进组。
CONF.register_opts(MYSQLCINDER_OPTS, group=mysql_opt_group)
当然最重要的注册参数选项，我的理解就是暴露句柄。
# 注册参数选项
CONF = cfg.CONF
然后创建数据库引擎
common/utils/sqlalchemy_util.py
import logging
from json import loads as json_loads
from sqlalchemy.engine import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.pool import QueuePool
from confg import CONF
SQLALCHEMY_ENGINE_CONTAINER = {}
logger = logging.getLogger("arview")
def json_deserializer(s, **kw):
if isinstance(s, bytes):
return json_loads(s.decode('utf-8'), **kw)
else:
return json_loads(s, **kw)
def get_sqlalchemy_engine(db_url):
if db_url not in SQLALCHEMY_ENGINE_CONTAINER:
engine = create_engine(db_url, echo=CONF.db.echo,
# pool_pre_ping如果值为True，那么每次从连接池中拿连接的时候，都会向数据库发送一个类似
# select 1的测试查询语句来判断服务器是否正常运行。当该连接出现disconnect的情况时，
# 该连接连同pool中的其它连接都会被回收
pool_pre_ping=True,
echo_pool=CONF.db.echo_pool,
pool_size=CONF.db.pool_size,
pool_recycle=CONF.db.pool_recycle,
json_deserializer=json_deserializer,
poolclass=QueuePool)
logger.info('Create sqlalchemy engine %s', engine)
SQLALCHEMY_ENGINE_CONTAINER[db_url] = engine
return SQLALCHEMY_ENGINE_CONTAINER[db_url]
这里引用配置文件的数据，直接引入CONF
from confg import CONF
然后使用
CONF.db.echo_pool
创建句柄，
与我之前使用的方法不同的是，这里的数据库引擎不需要在使用的地方引入了，会在main里注册路由分组时，通过plugin插件自动将数据库引擎导入。这也是我有点搞不懂的地方，虽然更方便，但是不知道就很难知道了，问了同事才知道是怎么回事。
bottle源码
def install(self, plugin): ''' Add a plugin to the list of plugins and prepare it for being applied to all routes of this application. A plugin may be a simple decorator or an object that implements the :class:`Plugin` API. '''
plugin就是相当与golang的中间件，不过作用范围是全部路由。
这里创建数据库句柄并使用是一个比较绕的过程。总体思路：
1.写一个bottle plugin，创建数据库句柄，然后install安装这个plugin。就可以在所有的路由中自动引入这个插件（就是不用在包里在导入db句柄了，bottle会自动导入）。
/common/base.py 创建plugin并安装
import logging
from bottle import Bottle
from confg.conf import CONF
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, scoped_session
from db.models.base import Base as ApiModelBase
from common.utils.sqlalchemy_util import get_sqlalchemy_engine
from bottle_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemyPlugin
logger = logging.getLogger("arview")
base = ApiModelBase # sqlalchemy orm base class
class Plugins:
SQLALCHEMY_PLUGIN = None # sqlalchemy plugin, global only one instance
APSCHEDULER_PLUGIN = None # apsechduler plugin. global only one instance
class Base(object):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
logger.debug('>>>> Base init begin')
self.app = Bottle()
# self.app.install(SwaggerPlugin(self._type))
logger.debug('>>>> Base init end')
class DB(Base):
def __init__(self, db_url, create=None, commit=None, *args, **kwargs):
print('db_url:', db_url)
super(DB, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
if create is None:
create = CONF.db.create
if commit is None:
commit = CONF.db.commit
if Plugins.SQLALCHEMY_PLUGIN is None:
Plugins.SQLALCHEMY_PLUGIN = _create_sqlalchemy_plugin(db_url, create=create, commit=commit)
self.app.install(Plugins.SQLALCHEMY_PLUGIN)
logger.debug("Install plugin: sqlalchemy.")
# if CONF.api.enable_request_interval_plugin:
# self.app.install(RequestTimeIntervalPlugin())
logger.debug('>>>> DB init end')
class CommonBase(object):
def __init__(self):
self._db = None
@property
def db(self):
if not self._db:
DBURL = "mysql+mysqlconnector://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}?charset=utf8".format(CONF.mysql.DbUser,CONF.mysql.DbPassWord,CONF.mysql.DbHost,CONF.mysql.DbPort,CONF.mysql.DbName)
engine = create_engine(DBURL, echo=False)
self._db = sessionmaker()(bind=engine)
return self._db
@db.deleter
def db(self):
if self._db:
self._db.commit()
self._db.close()
self._db = None
def _create_sqlalchemy_plugin(db_url, create, commit):
"""
创建sqlalchemy插件
:param db_url:
:param echo:
:param create:
:param commit:
:return:
"""
logger.debug('>>>> create sqlalchemy plugin begin')
engine = get_sqlalchemy_engine(db_url)
plugin = SQLAlchemyPlugin(engine, metadata=ApiModelBase.metadata, create=create, commit=commit, use_kwargs=True)
logger.debug('>>>> create sqlalchemy plugin %s' % plugin)
return plugin
最后使用
/api/user.py
import logging
from bottle import request
from common.base import DB
from api.service.user import UserService
logger = logging.getLogger("arview")
class User(DB, UserService):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print(">>> User init begin")
logging.debug('>>> User init begin')
super(User, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.dispatch()
logger.debug('>>> User init end')
def create(self, db=None):
create_body = request.json
create_data = self.create_user(create_body, db)
return create_data
def delete(self, db=None):
delete_body = request.json
delete_data = self.delete_user(delete_body, db)
return delete_data
def list(self, db=None):
list_data = self.list_user(db)
return list_data
def dispatch(self):
self.app.route('/listUser', method='post')(self.list)
self.app.route('/createUser', method='post')(self.create)
self.app.route('/deleteUser', method='post')(self.delete)
这里的db就不需要导入了，可以直接使用。
db层
主要是模型层 /db/model/user.py
from sqlalchemy import Column, String, Enum, TIMESTAMP, Boolean, Integer, BIGINT, DATETIME
from db.models.base import Base
class UserModel(Base):
__tablename__ = "user"
id = Column("id", BIGINT, primary_key=True, comment="用户id")
created_at = Column("created_at", DATETIME, comment="创建时间")
updated_at = Column("updated_at", DATETIME, comment="更新时间")
deleted_at = Column("deleted_at", DATETIME, comment="删除时间")
username = Column("username", String(20), comment="用户名")
password = Column("password", String(500), comment="密码")
role = Column("role", BIGINT, comment="角色")
def __init__(self, id, created_at, updated_at, deleted_at, username, password, role):
self.id = id
self.created_at = created_at
self.updated_at = updated_at
self.deleted_at = deleted_at
self.username = username
self.password = password
self.role = role
/db/model/base.py
from datetime import datetime
from sqlalchemy import Column, TIMESTAMP
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
# sqlalchemy orm base class
Base = declarative_base()
class TimestampMixin(object):
"""为ORM提供时间戳基类"""
created_at = Column('created_at', TIMESTAMP(True), default=datetime.now,comment=u"创建时间")
updated_at = Column('updated_at', TIMESTAMP(True), default=datetime.now,onupdate=datetime.now, comment=u"更新时间")
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