Python 通过xpath属性爬取豆瓣热映的电影信息(电影定义)

页面分析

主要爬取页面为:https://movie.douban.com/cinema/nowplaying/nanjing/

至于后面的地区，可以按照自己的需要改一下，不过多赘述了。页面需要点击一下展开全部影片，才能显示全部内容，不然只有15部。所以我们使用selenium的时候，需要加一个打开页面后的点击逻辑。页面图如下：

通过F12展开的源码，用xpath helper工具验证一下右键复制下来的xpath路径。

为了避免布局调整导致找不到，我把xpath改为通过class名获取。

然后看看每个影片的信息。

分析一下，是不是可以通过nowplaying的div，作为根节点，然后获取下面class为list-item的节点，里面的属性就是我们要的内容。

没什么问题，那么就按照这个思路开始创建项目编码吧。

实现过程

创建项目

创建一个较douban_playing的项目，使用scrapy命令。

scrapy startproject douban_playing

Item定义

定义电影信息实体。

# Define here the models for your scraped items
#
# See documentation in:
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html
 
import scrapy
 
 
class DoubanPlayingItem(scrapy.Item):
 # define the fields for your item here like:
 # name = scrapy.Field()
 # 电影名
 title = scrapy.Field()
 # 电影分数
 score = scrapy.Field()
 # 电影发行年份
 release = scrapy.Field()
 # 电影时长
 duration = scrapy.Field()
 # 地区
 region = scrapy.Field()
 # 电影导演
 director = scrapy.Field()
 # 电影主演
 actors = scrapy.Field()

中间件操作定义

主要是点击展开全部影片，需要加一段代码。

# Define here the models for your spider middleware
#
# See documentation in:
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
import time
 
from scrapy import signals
 
# useful for handling different item types with a single interface
from itemadapter import is_item, ItemAdapter
from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
 
 
class DoubanPlayingSpiderMiddleware:
 # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
 # scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the
 # passed objects.
 
 @classmethod
 def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
  # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
  s = cls()
  crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
  return s
 
 def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
  # Called for each response that goes through the spider
  # middleware and into the spider.
 
  # Should return None or raise an exception.
  return None
 
 def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
  # Called with the results returned from the Spider, after
  # it has processed the response.
 
  # Must return an iterable of Request, or item objects.
  for i in result:
yield i
 
 def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
  # Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method
  # (from other spider middleware) raises an exception.
 
  # Should return either None or an iterable of Request or item objects.
  pass
 
 def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):
  # Called with the start requests of the spider, and works
  # similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except
  # that it doesn't have a response associated.
 
  # Must return only requests (not items).
  for r in start_requests:
yield r
 
 def spider_opened(self, spider):
  spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)
 
 
class DoubanPlayingDownloaderMiddleware:
 # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
 # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the
 # passed objects.
 
 @classmethod
 def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
  # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
  s = cls()
  crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
  return s
 
 def process_request(self, request, spider):
  # Called for each request that goes through the downloader
  # middleware.
 
  # Must either:
  # - return None: continue processing this request
  # - or return a Response object
  # - or return a Request object
  # - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of
  #installed downloader middleware will be called
  # return None
  try:
spider.browser.get(request.url)
spider.browser.maximize_window()
time.sleep(2)
spider.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id='nowplaying']/div[@class='more']").click()
# ActionChains(spider.browser).click(searchButtonElement)
time.sleep(5)
return HtmlResponse(url=spider.browser.current_url, body=spider.browser.page_source,
 encoding="utf-8", request=request)
  except TimeoutException as e:
print('超时异常:{}'.format(e))
spider.browser.execute_script('window.stop()')
  finally:
spider.browser.close()
 
 def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
  # Called with the response returned from the downloader.
 
  # Must either;
  # - return a Response object
  # - return a Request object
  # - or raise IgnoreRequest
  return response
 
 def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
  # Called when a download handler or a process_request()
  # (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.
 
  # Must either:
  # - return None: continue processing this exception
  # - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain
  # - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain
  pass
 
 def spider_opened(self, spider):
  spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)

爬虫定义

按照属性名，我们取出所有的影片信息。注意取出属性的写法。

#!/user/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8
"""
@project : douban_playing
@author  : huyi
@file: douban_playing.py
@ide : PyCharm
@time: 2021-11-10 16:31:23
"""
 
import scrapy
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
 
from douban_playing.items import DoubanPlayingItem
 
 
class DoubanPlayingSpider(scrapy.Spider):
 name = 'dbp'
 # allowed_domains = ['blog.csdn.net']
 start_urls = ['https://movie.douban.com/cinema/nowplaying/nanjing/']
 nowplaying = "//*[@id='nowplaying']/div[@class='mod-bd']//*[@class='list-item']/@{}"
 properties = ['data-title', 'data-score', 'data-release', 'data-duration', 'data-region', 'data-director',
'data-actors']
 
 def __init__(self):
  chrome_options = Options()
  chrome_options.add_argument('--headless')  # 使用无头谷歌浏览器模式
  chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')
  chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
  self.browser = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=chrome_options,
executable_path="E:\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe")
  self.browser.set_page_load_timeout(30)
 
 def parse(self, response, **kwargs):
  titles = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[0])).extract()
  scores = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[1])).extract()
  releases = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[2])).extract()
  durations = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[3])).extract()
  regions = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[4])).extract()
  directors = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[5])).extract()
  actors = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[6])).extract()
  for x in range(len(titles)):
item = DoubanPlayingItem()
item['title'] = titles[x]
item['score'] = scores[x]
item['release'] = releases[x]
item['duration'] = durations[x]
item['region'] = regions[x]
item['director'] = directors[x]
item['actors'] = actors[x]
yield item

数据管道定义

还是老样子，把取出的电影数据按照格式输出在文本中。

# Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
 
 
# useful for handling different item types with a single interface
from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
 
 
class DoubanPlayingPipeline:
 def __init__(self):
  self.file = open('result.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
 
 def process_item(self, item, spider):
  self.file.write(
"电影:{}\t分数:{}\t发行年份:{}\t电影时长:{}\t地区:{}\t电影导演:{}\t电影主演:{}\n".format(
 item['title'],
 item['score'],
 item['release'],
 item['duration'],
 item['region'],
 item['director'],
 item['actors']))
  return item
 
 def close_spider(self, spider):
  self.file.close()

配置设置

都是一些常规的，放开几个默认配置就行。

# Scrapy settings for douban_playing project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#  https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#  https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#  https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
 
BOT_NAME = 'douban_playing'
 
SPIDER_MODULES = ['douban_playing.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'douban_playing.spiders'
 
 
# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
#USER_AGENT = 'douban_playing (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'
USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0'
 
# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False
 
# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
 
# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
#DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16
 
# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
COOKIES_ENABLED = False
 
# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
 
# Override the default request headers:
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
 'Accept-Language': 'en',
 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/27.0.1453.94 Safari/537.36'
}
 
# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'douban_playing.middlewares.DoubanPlayingSpiderMiddleware': 543,
}
 
# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'douban_playing.middlewares.DoubanPlayingDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
}
 
# Enable or disable extensions
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#EXTENSIONS = {
# 'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
#}
 
# Configure item pipelines
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
'douban_playing.pipelines.DoubanPlayingPipeline': 300,
}
 
# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False
 
# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'